This is the first contribution in a new series of Historical Notes on seminal concepts in earthquake engineering and structural dynamics. It records the origins and early developments (up to the late 1960’s) of the elastic response spectrum.
SEMI-EMPIRICAL PROCEDURES FOR EVALUATING
LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL DURING EARTHQUAKES
Abstract—Semi-empirical procedures for evaluating the
liquefaction potential of saturated cohesionless soils during
earthquakes are re-examined and revised relations for use in
practice are recommended. The stress reduction factor
rd , earthquake magnitude scaling factor for cyclic stress
ratios ( MSF ), overburden correction factor for cyclic stress
ratios ( K ), and the overburden normalization factor for
penetration resistances ( CN ) are discussed and recently
modified relations are presented. These modified relations
are used in re-evaluations of the SPT and CPT case history
databases. Based on these re-evaluations, revised SPT- and
CPT-based liquefaction correlations are recommended for
use in practice. In addition, shear wave velocity based
procedures and the approaches used to evaluate the cyclic
loading behavior of plastic fine-grained soils are discussed.